Comments: PAT *laħʷa; PAK *tħar(ǝ)q:ʷá; Ub. def. á-daχʷa. The correspondence PAT *l- : PAK *tħ- : Ub. d- points to PWC *l-; PAT *-ħʷ- : PAK *-q:ʷ- - to PWC *qʷ. Ub. χʷ instead of expected qʷ may be explained by a special development within the cluster: *larqʷa > *darqʷa > *darχʷa > daχʷa.
Comments: The Abkh. form contains a singulative suffix -ḳ, thus the pure root is ra-. Unfortunately, no related forms are known in other WC languages, so the reconstruction is rather vague (*r-, *ŕ- or *ĺ- possible - we have chosen *ĺ, because it corresponds well to the EC data).
Comments: PAT *ɣ́a / *ɣ́ǝ (the latter form is used in compounds, cf. Abkh. a-tǝ́-ʁ́, Abaz. tǝ-ʁ́ 'ram', Abkh., Abaz. abǝ-ʁ́ 'he-goat'; also in the meaning "seed, egg", e.g. Abkh. a-ḳʷṭá-ʁ́, Abaz. ḳʷṭaʁ́ '(hen's) egg'). PAK *ɣa.
Ub. has also a word ɣa 'testiculus', but it is obviously an AK loanword. The genuine reflex of PWC *Ł́A is Ub. -źa in tʷá-źa 'he-goat' ( = Abkh. abǝʁ́), ṭǝ-źá 'ram' ( = Abkh. a-tǝ́ʁ́) and ba-źá 'penis'.
Comments: PAT *lǝ-ʕʷa (a compound with -ʕʷa < *ʁʷV 'smoke' q.v.); PAK *tħa; Ub. sǝ-LaLǝ́-n. The Ub. verb is an exact match for PAK *tħa-La- 'to suffocate' (Ad. tħāLa-, Kab. tħaLa-), see Bouda 1960, 200, Shagirov 2, 82. This is an additional factor in favour of Kuipers' hypothesis that PAK *tħa originally had meant 'life, breath'. Since PAK *tħa corresponds well to Ub. La (going back to PWC *Ła), all other theories about the origin of PAK *tħa (comparison with Greek theós, fantastic comparisons with *ħa 'dog', *t:ǝʁa 'sun' etc. - see the full list in Shagirov 2,79-80) should be discarded.
Comments: There are two PWC roots, which are probably later differentiated variants of one original root for 'ear':
a) *ŁA- in compounds meaning 'ear': PAT *lǝ-mǝħa (where -ħa must be the same root as PAT *ħa 'to hear' q.v.; see Ломтатидзе 1955, 824); PAK *tħá-ḳʷǝma and Ub. Lá-ḳʷǝma (etymology of the second component obscure);
b) *ĺA- in compounds meaning 'to listen': PAT *-ʒ́ǝ-rǝ-ʕʷǝ- (Abkh. á-ʒrǝʕʷ-ra, Bz. á-ʒ́ʕʷǝr-ra /with metathesis/, Abaz. ʒǝrʕʷ-ra); PAK *da-ʡʷa- (Ad., Kab. daʡʷa-n); Ub. La-q̇ʷǝ́-. Here Shagirov (1, 150) thinks that PAT *ʒ́ corresponds to PAK *d - this is certainly wrong, because in this case (PWC *b́ʷ) we should expect dʷ, and not L in Ubykh. PAT *ʒ́ǝ- in this verb is probably a modification of the reciprocal version prefix *-źǝ- (which is semantically rather plausible). The element corresponding to PAK *d and Ub. L here must be PAT *r (*-rǝʕʷǝ-) which (despite Shagirov ibid.), of course, can not be considered a causative prefix (the verb has no causative semantics at all). For the second part of this PWC compound see *q:́Iʷǝ-. The root *da- ( < *ĺa-) is present in another PAK compound *da-gʷǝ́ 'deaf' (where -gʷǝ is a privative suffix: "earless"), see Шагиров 1, 145. Judging from the external evidence, the variant with the resonant *ĺA is original; reasons for its transformation into a lateral affricate in the word for "ear" are yet to be investigated.
Comments: PAT *cǝ-lamǝħʷa (a compound with *cǝ 'tooth'; cf. also Bzyb. a-clamħʷǝ́); -mǝ- is a secondary insertion, probably due to the influence of PAT *ʒ́amǝʕʷa 'cheek' q.v.
Comments: PAK *tħá(m)pa. Abitov's and Shagirov's (2, 83) explanation ("ear"+"front part") is clearly a folk etymology. The word has quite reliable parallels in EC languages. AK > Osset. (Dig.) ṭafä 'leaf', see Abayev 1979, 350..
Comments: PAT *la, PAK *ħa; Ub. def. á-wIa. The Ub. pharyngealization suggests the PAT form *ŁIʷaI; since, however, in PAT only uvulars and labials could have been pharyngealized, this probably means that we have in fact to reconstruct an early form with a cluster like *l-χIʷa or *χIʷla. It is possible that such a PAT cluster can reflect an earlier combination *χIʷr- (cf. another example of the same kind, PAT *Łʷa- 'to grind').
Comments: PAT *wǝ; PAK *ḳǝ-ħÁ. In the first part of the AK compound we may possibly see PAK *ḳǝ- 'grow' (unlike Shagirov 2, 135 we wouldn't like to split PAK *ḳač̣́ǝ́ 'short' and find in it's first part the same component; see the etymology of this word). The second component, *ħA, is strangely enough, related by Shagirov (ibid.) to PAK *ħA 'bring, carry'. We would still like to follow Trubetzkoy in connecting the AK and Ub. forms (the ħ:w correspondence is here just the same as in the word for "dog"). However, PAT should have regularly had l-, not w- here; perhaps we should assume that PWC *Łʷ was for some reason split into l and w in PAT (position before different vowels? - there are too few examples to come to a definite conclusion).
In Ub. wa can be also discovered in the word for far (ʎa-wá lit. 'long for feet').
Comments: PAT *ǯʷa in compounds *ǯʷa-rV(-ta) 'side' (Abkh. á-va-ra, Abaz. ʒa-rta), *ǯʷa-c̣ǝs 'rib' (Abkh. a-va-c̣ǝ́s, Abaz. ʒa-c̣ǝ́s); the morpheme *ǯʷa is also used as a preverb 'side, by side of' ( = Ub. ʒa-). PAK *-Ła in a compound *c:a-Łá 'rib(s)' (*c:a- 'tooth, sharp edge'). The correspondence PAK *Ł (Ad. ɣ, Kab. ž) :PAT *ǯʷ (Abkh. v, Abaz. ʒ) : Ub. ʒ points only to PWC *Ł́ʷ. The original meaning "rib" is preserved in PAT and PAK compounds.
Comments: PAT *laga-; PAK *ħaga- (intrans.; the transitive form is *ħagǝ- > Ad. ħāǯ́ǝ-n, Kab. ħažǝ-n). See Deeters 1931, 290; 1963, 39; Shagirov 2, 117.
Comments: PAT *lasǝ. The correspondence PAT *l : Ub. w points only to PWC *Łʷ. If the root is *sǝ (see below), one can compare (following Абдоков 1983, 150) *psǝ- in PAK *psǝ-nč̣́á 'light; swift' > Ad. psǝnč̣a, Kab. psǝnṣ́a.
